Pure O2. garding poultry farming hatcheries, livestock hygiene and saf…
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regarding the use of high-concentration liquid chlorine dioxide (ClO2) solutions and continuous-release products.
Scope : regarding poultry farming, hatcheries, livestock hygiene, and material compatibility and safety.
1. Egg Disinfection and Application Protocols
Recommendations: Physical wiping is not strongly recommended. Micro-aerosol spraying/fogging or temperature-controlled immersion disinfection is recommended.
• Risks of wiping: Mechanical friction may cause the cuticle (eggshell) to peel off. The pressure applied during wiping allows surface pathogens and liquid to seep into the fine pores of the eggshell, causing internal bacterial contamination.
• Recommended method: For uniform coverage, air dry after micro-aerosol spraying (10–20 μm particle size) or ultra-low volume (ULV) spraying.
• Immersion guidelines: If liquid washing or immersion is preferred, the solution temperature must be maintained 2–3°C higher than the egg temperature (38–41°C). If the solution temperature is low, internal thermal shrinkage occurs, allowing moisture and microorganisms to be absorbed through the shell.
• Recommended concentration for ClO2 liquid sagna: 30–50 ppm (mg/L) for immersion/soaking, 50–100 ppm for spraying.
• Scientific basis: According to a study published in Poultry Science, an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution of 50–100 ppm demonstrates an effect of reducing Salmonella enteritidis and E. coli by more than 3-log10 (99.9%) without lowering hatching rates or harming embryonic development.
2. Efficacy against Coccidia and Eimeria species
- First and foremost, it is very important to disinfect continuously in advance to prevent the occurrence of the protozoa (Eimeria spp.) that cause coccidiosis. - The oocysts of the protozoa (Eimeria spp.) that cause coccidiosis are protected by a thick double outer wall of protein and lipids, making them highly resistant to general oxidizing disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and chlorine-based disinfectants.
While using high concentrations of chlorine dioxide can certainly kill them, there is a risk of secondary damage.
Therefore, it is difficult to eradicate them once an outbreak has occurred.
- Field Response Guide:
- Chlorine dioxide is appropriately used for drinking water and environmental hygiene to prevent coccidiosis infection rather than to eliminate the coccidiosis itself, and to prevent secondary bacterial enteritis (such as Clostridium or E. coli) that occurs when the intestinal mucosa is damaged.
Chlorine dioxide is not an insecticide. Of course, if you use a high concentration, you can kill all pests, insects, larvae, etc.
However, if used directly at high concentrations, secondary damage can occur, just like with general insecticides.
Chlorine dioxide acts as a repellent for insects and pests, and is a disinfectant that prevents pests, insects, and their spores from appearing.
• Control Strategy: To directly destroy coccidiosis oocysts, special cresol-based (phenol-based) compounds or physical heat treatment (steam/flame) is required. • Product Positioning: ClO2 is positioned as a broad-spectrum disinfectant to prevent secondary bacterial enteritis (e.g., Clostridium perfringens, E. coli) occurring after intestinal mucosal damage caused by coccidio
3. Equipment Durability, Corrosion Effects, and Material Compatibility
- The material compatibility of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), a powerful oxidizing agent, depends on the concentration, exposure time, and base metal material.
- Impact of Compatible Materials/Metal Types and Field Guidelines
High Risk: Corrosion may occur in mild steel, iron, aluminum, copper, brass, and low-grade rubber if frequently exposed to liquid ClO2 at concentrations above 200 ppm. If using concentrations above 200 ppm, rinse or wipe dry after application. (However, do not use liquids above 200 ppm.)
- Excellent Resistance: Materials such as Grade 316L stainless steel, HDPE, PVC, PTFE (Teflon), and PE are safe and do not corrode even at usage concentrations above 200 ppm.
4. Sterilization and Disinfection Concentrations for Hatcheries and Incubators.
Liquid chlorine dioxide is widely used as a biosecurity disinfectant in hatcheries due to its rapid sterilization, antiviral, and spore-killing effects (specifically against *Aspergillus fumigatus*).
• Disinfection of empty incubator surfaces: Use 100–150 ppm liquid spray or foam wash.
• Fogging disinfection of empty rearing rooms: 100–150 ppm fine aerosol spray.
5. Space Spraying and Safety Precautions within Rearing Rooms.
• Space Spraying Protocol within Poultry Houses: Fine aerosol spraying using a low-concentration solution (5–10 ppm) helps suppress airborne contaminants, kill harmful bacteria and viruses, and neutralize ambient ammonia gas.
• Livestock mortality rates on farms are determined by various environmental factors, including nutrition, ventilation, stocking density, genetics, vaccination programs, and complex disease infections. Chlorine dioxide significantly reduces mortality rates by lowering disease infection factors. This is an example from farms in Korea currently using our liquid ClO2 products.
Morbidity rates vary depending on genetic factors, nutritional status, stocking density, ventilation, and biosafety management. The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) can significantly reduce the incidence of infectious diseases.
6. Conditions and Concentrations for Administering Drinking Water to Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep, Goats).
- It is currently used by many livestock farms in Korea as a disinfectant for ruminant drinking water and is very safe and effective. (The National Institute of Animal Science of Korea has conducted research and experiments on numerous livestock farms using our liquid ClO2 product, and there is data available.)
- Dosage for Livestock Drinking Water: Dilute the high-concentration liquid chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with water to ensure the livestock can drink it at a concentration of 0.5–1 ppm (mg/L).
• Safety of Ruminant Microbiota: At concentrations of 2.0 ppm or lower, ClO2 is safe because it rapidly decomposes into harmless chloride (Cl-) ions upon contact with organic matter. Furthermore, the use of low-concentration liquid ClO2 poses no issues whatsoever, as it does not penetrate or disrupt the rumen microbial fermentation ecosystem.
7. Safety of Use During Livestock Management in Case of Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD).
• Effect of Killing Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is an enveloped virus sensitive to acidity, and it is highly effective in oxidative inactivation by chlorine dioxide (ClO2). (There is a wealth of data, including research papers from various countries, demonstrating that the use of liquid chlorine dioxide kills the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV).)
• Safety When Livestock Are In the Facility: It is completely safe to spray 30 ppm liquid ClO2 for the disinfection of drinking water, floors, passageways, and other equipment and spaces.
• Caution When Livestock Are In the Facility: When spraying liquid chlorine dioxide at a concentration of 150 ppm or higher within the facility, animals must be temporarily moved to another location.
8. Feasibility of Installing Chlorine Dioxide Sticks/Pens in Egg Collection Rooms
- Usability: Using stick products and Pack-Solid products with a continuous release ClO2 gas vaporization method makes them highly suitable for hygiene management within collection centers and storage rooms.
- Principle and Advantages: By continuously releasing trace amounts of chlorine dioxide gas into the air, it inhibits airborne mold spores (such as Aspergillus) and bacteria and viruses. Since it does not wet the egg surface, it prevents secondary contamination during storage without damaging the cuticle layer.
9. Safety of Continuous Worker Exposure When Using Stick and Pack-Solid Products in Hatcheries/Workplaces
- Installation Location: Hanging them inside hatcheries, hatching rooms, sorting rooms, and workplaces can continuously reduce airborne microbial contamination levels.
- Worker Safety Standards (International OSHA / ACGIH Standards):
International Standards for Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) Gas Exposure: The Weighted Average Exposure Limit (TWA) for an 8-Hour Workplace Exposure Limit is stipulated as a maximum of 0.1 ppm (0.28 mg/m³) in the air.
This regulation applies to confined spaces. Since air circulates continuously in spaces where humans can breathe, for 0.1 ppm of gas to be detected in the air, the actual concentration of ClO2 gas emitted by continuous release products must be continuously released at 30 ppm or higher. (The concentration of ClO2 gas emitted by our continuous release product is 0.03 ppm. Therefore, there are absolutely no safety issues.)
Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment in Korea formally approves product registration for continuous release products after evaluating their risks through human health risk assessment tests. Our product is a formally registered product that has undergone risk assessment and testing.
